Tattoo and permanent makeup (PMU) inks are man-made products that are utilized to apply pigment, which is inserted into the dermis of the skin permanently. Over the past years, these products have gained recognition and popularity, leading to reports of ink-related infections (Yoon et al. 2024). For this reason, microbial contamination is the major contributor to tattoo and PMU ink. This research was the first to examine the presence of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in tattoo and PMU inks. The results of this study indicate that both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were present in opened and sealed inks from different manufacturers and even those labeled as sterile. Furthermore, the study tested 75 tattoo and PMU inks from 14 different manufacturers. These inks were examined using serial dilution methods and agar plating into 3 different agars: Anaerobe agar (no oxygen), Blood agar (low oxygen), and Modified Letheen Agar MLA (atmospheric oxygen). As a result, 26 out of the 76 ink samples were contaminated with 34 bacterial isolates. The 34 bacteria isolates were categorized into three groups based on their different growth conditions. For instance, group 1 contained six bacteria isolates with anaerobic growth patterns, such as obligate anaerobic C. acnes and facultative anaerobic S. epidermis. Whereas, Groups 2 and 3 are composed of 28 oxygen-requiring bacteria (aerobes) such as P. putida, S. saprophyticus, and S. maltophilia (Yoon et al. 2024). Overall, determining the anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in tattoo and PMU inks can improve contamination hazards and future microbial research.
Article:
Yoon S, Kondakala S, Foley SL, Moon MS,Huang MJ, Periz G, Zang J, Katz LM, Kim S,Kweon O.2024.Detection of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria from commercial tattoo and permanent makeup inks. Appl Environ
No comments:
Post a Comment